{"id":2308,"date":"2023-08-07T13:48:35","date_gmt":"2023-08-07T11:48:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/?p=2308"},"modified":"2025-04-28T10:08:37","modified_gmt":"2025-04-28T08:08:37","slug":"nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak\u00fd je nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00fd jazyk?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Jazyk je z\u00e1kladem lidsk\u00e9 interakce a civilizace. Umo\u017e\u0148uje n\u00e1m vyj\u00e1d\u0159it sv\u00e9 my\u0161lenky, emoce a sd\u00edlet informace.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Seznam:<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a14a71821e8f\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"ez-toc-cssicon\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\" style='display:none' id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a14a71821e8f\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Co_tvori_jazyk\" >Co tvo\u0159\u00ed jazyk<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Vyznam_studia_starovekych_jazyku\" >V\u00fdznam studia starov\u011bk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Slozitost_definice_%E2%80%9Enejstarsiho%E2%80%9C\" >Slo\u017eitost definice \u201enejstar\u0161\u00edho\u201c<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Rozdil_mezi_mluvenym_a_psanym_jazykem\" >Rozd\u00edl mezi mluven\u00fdm a psan\u00fdm jazykem<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Urceni_stari_jazyka\" >Ur\u010den\u00ed st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed jazyka<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Nejstarsi_dukazy_mluvenych_jazyku_na_svete\" >Nejstar\u0161\u00ed d\u016fkazy mluven\u00fdch jazyk\u016f na sv\u011bt\u011b<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Vyzvy_sledovani_mluveneho_jazyka\" >V\u00fdzvy sledov\u00e1n\u00ed mluven\u00e9ho jazyka<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Lingvisticka_rekonstrukce\" >Lingvistick\u00e1 rekonstrukce<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Kandidati_na_nejstarsi_zname_mluvene_jazyky\" >Kandid\u00e1ti na nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9 mluven\u00e9 jazyky<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Nejstarsi_dukazy_o_psanych_jazycich\" >Nejstar\u0161\u00ed d\u016fkazy o psan\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Desifrovani_starovekych_pisem\" >De\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00fdch p\u00edsem<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Zkouska_nejstarsich_znamych_psanych_jazyku\" >Zkou\u0161ka nejstar\u0161\u00edch zn\u00e1m\u00fdch psan\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Pripadove_studie_starovekych_jazyku\" >P\u0159\u00edpadov\u00e9 studie starov\u011bk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Staroveke_sumerske_jazyky_Pohled_do_staroveke_Mezopotamie\" >Starov\u011bk\u00e9 sumersk\u00e9 jazyky: Pohled do starov\u011bk\u00e9 Mezopot\u00e1mie<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Egyptske_hieroglyfy_Oficialni_jazyk_faraonu\" >Egyptsk\u00e9 hieroglyfy: Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed jazyk faraon\u016f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Staroveka_cinstina_Semena_moderni_cinstiny\" >Starov\u011bk\u00e1 \u010d\u00edn\u0161tina: Semena modern\u00ed \u010d\u00edn\u0161tiny<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Dopad_a_vliv_starovekych_jazyku_na_moderni_spolecnost\" >Dopad a vliv starov\u011bk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f na modern\u00ed spole\u010dnost<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Staroveke_jazyky_dedictvi_v_moderni_dobe\" >Starov\u011bk\u00e9 jazyky: d\u011bdictv\u00ed v modern\u00ed dob\u011b<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Dosah_starovekych_jazyku\" >Dosah starov\u011bk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/jazyky\/nejstarsi-znamy-jazyk\/#Nejstarsi_jazyk_na_svete_kterym_se_dodnes_mluvi\" >Nejstar\u0161\u00ed jazyk na sv\u011bt\u011b, kter\u00fdm se dodnes mluv\u00ed<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p>Napadlo v\u00e1s v\u0161ak n\u011bkdy, <span style=\"background-color: var(--blue-10); color: inherit;\" data-color=\"var(--blue-10)\">kter\u00fd jazyk je nejstar\u0161\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b? <\/span>Nebo jak\u00fd je dnes nejstar\u0161\u00ed jazyk, kter\u00fdm se mluv\u00ed? To jsou ot\u00e1zky, kter\u00e9 u\u017e l\u00e9ta p\u0159itahuj\u00ed lingvisty, historiky a antropology.<\/p>\n<p><strong>V tomto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku na blogu se budeme hloub\u011bji zab\u00fdvat:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Konceptem <span style=\"background-color: var(--blue-10); color: inherit;\" data-color=\"var(--blue-10)\">nejstar\u0161\u00edho zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho jazyka<\/span>, dot\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edho se slo\u017eitosti p\u0159i definov\u00e1n\u00ed \u201enejstar\u0161\u00edho\u201c v kontextu jazyk\u016f.<\/li>\n<li>Pohledem na <span style=\"background-color: var(--blue-10); color: inherit;\" data-color=\"var(--blue-10)\">nejstar\u0161\u00ed mluven\u00fd jazyk na sv\u011bt\u011b,<\/span> procesem lingvistick\u00e9 rekonstrukce a r\u016fzn\u00fdmi kandid\u00e1ty, kte\u0159\u00ed soupe\u0159\u00ed o tento titul.<\/li>\n<li>Pr\u016fzkumem <span style=\"background-color: var(--blue-10); color: inherit;\" data-color=\"var(--blue-10)\">starov\u011bk\u00fdch p\u00edsemn\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/span> se zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm mimo jin\u00e9 na sumersk\u00fd jazyk a kl\u00ednov\u00e9 p\u00edsmo, egyptsk\u00e9 hieroglyfy a starou \u010d\u00edn\u0161tinu.<\/li>\n<li>Diskus\u00ed o indoevropsk\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch a jejich v\u00fdznamu v kontextu starov\u011bk\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 v\u011bdy.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159\u00edpadovou studi\u00ed sumersk\u00e9ho jazyka, <span style=\"background-color: var(--blue-10); color: inherit;\" data-color=\"var(--blue-10)\">starov\u011bk\u00fdch egyptsk\u00fdch hieroglyf\u016f<\/span> a p\u016fvodu prvn\u00edho psan\u00e9ho jazyka na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/li>\n<li>Vlivem<span style=\"background-color: var(--blue-10); color: inherit;\" data-color=\"var(--blue-10)\"> starov\u011bk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/span> na modern\u00ed spole\u010dnost, v\u010detn\u011b nejstar\u0161\u00edho jazyka na sv\u011bt\u011b, kter\u00fdm se dodnes mluv\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Nahl\u00e9dnut\u00edm do budoucnosti studia <span style=\"background-color: var(--blue-10); color: inherit;\" data-color=\"var(--blue-10)\">starov\u011bk\u00fdch psan\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/span> a role technologie v t\u00e9to oblasti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A\u0165 u\u017e v\u00e1s tedy zaujala ot\u00e1zka \u201e<span style=\"background-color: var(--blue-10); color: inherit;\" data-color=\"var(--blue-10)\">je sanskrt nejstar\u0161\u00ed jazyk na sv\u011bt\u011b?\u201c<\/span>, nebo v\u00e1s zaj\u00edm\u00e1, kdy se objevil prvn\u00ed jazyk, z\u016fsta\u0148te nalad\u011bni.<\/p>\n<p>Odpov\u011bdi v\u00e1s mo\u017en\u00e1 p\u0159ekvap\u00ed, jeliko\u017e se vyd\u00e1me na tuto cestu, abychom odhalili nejstar\u0161\u00ed jazyk, <span style=\"background-color: var(--blue-10); color: inherit;\" data-color=\"var(--blue-10)\">nejstar\u0161\u00ed dochovan\u00fd jazyk na sv\u011bt\u011b<\/span>, a pono\u0159\u00edme se do obs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho seznamu starov\u011bk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>A pokud m\u00e1te r\u00e1di jazyky obecn\u011b, ale neradi se je u\u010d\u00edte, pod\u00edvejte se na n\u00e1\u0161 <a href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/funkce\/hlasovy-prekladac\"><strong><span style=\"background-color: var(--purple-10); color: inherit;\" data-color=\"var(--purple-10)\">hlasov\u00fd p\u0159eklada\u010d<\/span><\/strong><\/a>. S n\u00edm budete m\u00edt v kapse dokonce 108 jazyk\u016f. Ov\u0161em ty sou\u010dasn\u00e9!<\/p>\n<p>Nyn\u00ed se poj\u010fme vrhnout na dne\u0161n\u00ed t\u00e9ma.<\/p>\n<div class=\"faq-section\">\n<h3>FAQ:<\/h3>\n<h4 class=\"question1\">Kter\u00fd jazyk je nejstar\u0161\u00ed?<\/h4>\n<div class=\"answer1\">Kolem t\u00e9to ot\u00e1zky se vede zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 diskuse. Zat\u00edmco nikdo nedok\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010dit \u201eprvn\u00ed jazyk\u201c, tamil\u0161tina je \u010dasto pova\u017eov\u00e1na za jeden z nejstar\u0161\u00edch \u017eiv\u00fdch jazyk\u016f, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e p\u00edsemn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy sahaj\u00ed a\u017e do roku 300 p\u0159. n. l. Sanskrt, \u010d\u00edn\u0161tina a hebrej\u0161tina pat\u0159\u00ed tak\u00e9 mezi nejstar\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 jazyky, kter\u00e9 se st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. Sumer\u0161tina je tak\u00e9 pova\u017eov\u00e1na za jeden z nejstar\u0161\u00edch jazyk\u016f na sv\u011bt\u011b, nyn\u00ed je to v\u0161ak mrtv\u00fd jazyk.<\/div>\n<h4 class=\"question2\">Kter\u00fd jazyk byl prvn\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b?<\/h4>\n<div class=\"answer2\">Lidsk\u00fd jazyk se pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b postupn\u011b vytvo\u0159il mezi 50 000 a 150 000 lety, a nelze p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010dit, kter\u00fd jazyk byl na sv\u011bt\u011b jako prvn\u00ed.<\/div>\n<h4 class=\"question3\">Kdy vznikl prvn\u00ed jazyk?<\/h4>\n<div class=\"answer3\">Lidsk\u00fd jazyk se pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b objevil mezi 50 000 a 150 000 lety, ale z t\u00e9 doby nem\u00e1me \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy.<\/div>\n<h4 class=\"question4\">Kdy vznikl slovensk\u00fd jazyk?<\/h4>\n<div class=\"answer4\">Sloven\u0161tina se vyvinula z praslovan\u0161tiny kolem 10. stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu. Nejstar\u0161\u00edm dolo\u017een\u00fdm slovansk\u00fdm jazykem je v\u0161ak staroslov\u011bn\u0161tina, kter\u00e1 poch\u00e1z\u00ed z 9. stolet\u00ed n. l. a pou\u017e\u00edvala se v n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch textech. Modern\u00ed sloven\u0161tina se za\u010dala formovat v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 18. a 19. stolet\u00ed.<\/div>\n<h4 class=\"question5\">Jak\u00fd je nejstar\u0161\u00ed slovansk\u00fd jazyk?<\/h4>\n<div class=\"answer5\">Nejstar\u0161\u00edm dolo\u017een\u00fdm slovansk\u00fdm jazykem je staroslov\u011bn\u0161tina, kter\u00e1 poch\u00e1z\u00ed z 9. stolet\u00ed n. l. a pou\u017e\u00edvala se v n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch textech. Modern\u00ed sloven\u0161tina se skute\u010dn\u011b formovala v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 18. a 19. stolet\u00ed.<\/div>\n<h4 class=\"question6\">Co to je mrtv\u00fd jazyk?<\/h4>\n<div class=\"answer6\">Mrtv\u00fd jazyk je jazyk, kter\u00fd ji\u017e nikdo ka\u017edodenn\u011b nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako sv\u016fj rodn\u00fd jazyk. Latinsk\u00fd jazyk je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem \u2013 i kdy\u017e se st\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 ve specifick\u00fdch kontextech, jako je v\u011bdeck\u00e1 klasifikace a ob\u0159ady katolick\u00e9 c\u00edrkve, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 komunita ho ji\u017e nepou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako sv\u016fj prim\u00e1rn\u00ed jazyk. Mezi dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklady pat\u0159\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00e1 \u0159e\u010dtina, sanskrt a star\u00e1 angli\u010dtina.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2312\" src=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-10.png\" alt=\"Abstraktn\u00ed design s p\u00edsmeny v pozad\u00ed.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-10.png 1200w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-10-980x513.png 980w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/2-10-480x251.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1200px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Co_tvori_jazyk\"><\/span>Co tvo\u0159\u00ed jazyk<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Jazyk lze definovat jako komplexn\u00ed syst\u00e9m komunikace, kter\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 symboly \u2013 mluven\u00e9, psan\u00e9 nebo podepsan\u00e9 \u2013 k vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed my\u0161lenek, emoc\u00ed a stav\u016f byt\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Dodr\u017euje specifick\u00e1 pravidla struktury a syntaxe, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje smysluplnou interakci mezi jeho mluv\u010d\u00edmi. P\u0159i na\u0161em zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed nejstar\u0161\u00edho zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho jazyka se pono\u0159\u00edme do starov\u011bk\u00fdch mluven\u00fdch i psan\u00fdch jazyk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2313\" src=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-9.png\" alt=\"Slovn\u00ed lingvistika vedle otev\u0159en\u00e9 knihy.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-9.png 1200w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-9-980x513.png 980w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/3-9-480x251.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1200px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vyznam_studia_starovekych_jazyku\"><\/span>V\u00fdznam studia <span style=\"background-color: var(--blue-10); color: inherit;\" data-color=\"var(--blue-10)\">starov\u011bk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Studium <span style=\"background-color: var(--blue-10); color: inherit;\" data-color=\"var(--blue-10)\">starov\u011bk\u00fdch p\u00edsemn\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<\/span>, jako je sumersk\u00fd jazyk nebo egyptsk\u00e9 hieroglyfy, poskytuje okno do minulosti. Tyto jazyky, n\u011bkter\u00e9 z prvn\u00edch zaznamenan\u00fdch v lidsk\u00e9 historii, jsou z\u00e1sadn\u00ed pro pochopen\u00ed spole\u010dnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je zrodily. Nav\u00edc jsou kl\u00ed\u010dem ke sledov\u00e1n\u00ed ko\u0159en\u016f a v\u00fdvoje modern\u00edch jazyk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2314\" src=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4-9.png\" alt=\"Star\u00e1 kniha s lupou.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4-9.png 1200w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4-9-980x513.png 980w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/4-9-480x251.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1200px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Slozitost_definice_%E2%80%9Enejstarsiho%E2%80%9C\"><\/span>Slo\u017eitost definice \u201enejstar\u0161\u00edho\u201c<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Pokud jde o ur\u010den\u00ed nejstar\u0161\u00edho zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho jazyka, \u010del\u00edme n\u011bkolika v\u00fdzv\u00e1m. Pojem \u201estar\u00fd\u201c lze interpretovat r\u016fzn\u00fdmi zp\u016fsoby. Odkazuje na v\u016fbec prvn\u00ed mluven\u00fd jazyk? Nebo nejstar\u0161\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy, kter\u00e9 se n\u00e1m poda\u0159ilo rozlu\u0161tit? Mo\u017en\u00e1 uva\u017eujeme o nejstar\u0161\u00edm mluven\u00e9m jazyce, kter\u00fd se dodnes pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1?<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rozdil_mezi_mluvenym_a_psanym_jazykem\"><\/span>Rozd\u00edl mezi mluven\u00fdm a psan\u00fdm jazykem<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Je t\u0159eba z\u00e1sadn\u011b rozli\u0161ovat mezi mluven\u00fdm a psan\u00fdm jazykem. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee ty prvn\u00ed se objevily p\u0159ed des\u00edtkami tis\u00edc let, zat\u00edmco ty druh\u00e9 existuj\u00ed teprve zhruba 5 000 let. Poskytli n\u00e1m prvn\u00ed konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed d\u016fkazy o starov\u011bk\u00fdch psan\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch, p\u0159esto p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed pouze zlomek na\u0161eho jazykov\u00e9ho d\u011bdictv\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Urceni_stari_jazyka\"><\/span>Ur\u010den\u00ed st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed jazyka<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Jak tedy ur\u010d\u00edme st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed jazyka? U p\u00edsemn\u00fdch jazyk\u016f m\u016f\u017eeme \u010dasto datovat jejich nejstar\u0161\u00ed dochovan\u00e9 dokumenty, \u010d\u00edm\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1me na ot\u00e1zku, jak\u00fd byl prvn\u00ed zaznamenan\u00fd jazyk. U mluven\u00fdch jazyk\u016f je to v\u0161ak mnohem slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Lingvist\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed metodu zvanou srovn\u00e1vac\u00ed lingvistika, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e se d\u00edvaj\u00ed na jazyky, o kter\u00fdch v\u00edme, \u017ee jsou p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9, a zp\u011btn\u011b sleduj\u00ed slova a zvuky, aby na\u0161li spole\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u0159edka. \u010c\u00edm d\u00e1le zp\u011btn\u011b m\u016f\u017eeme vysledovat, t\u00edm je jazyk star\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2315\" src=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5-8.png\" alt=\"Prav\u011bk\u00fd Caveman m\u00e1 na sob\u011b zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed k\u016f\u017ei, dr\u017e\u00ed ostr\u00fd k\u00e1men a vyr\u00e1b\u00ed prvn\u00ed primitivn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj pro lov zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed ko\u0159isti nebo pro manipulaci s k\u016f\u017e\u00ed.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5-8.png 1200w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5-8-980x513.png 980w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/5-8-480x251.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1200px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nejstarsi_dukazy_mluvenych_jazyku_na_svete\"><\/span>Nejstar\u0161\u00ed d\u016fkazy mluven\u00fdch jazyk\u016f na sv\u011bt\u011b<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vyzvy_sledovani_mluveneho_jazyka\"><\/span>V\u00fdzvy sledov\u00e1n\u00ed mluven\u00e9ho jazyka<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Vystopovat p\u016fvod mluven\u00fdch jazyk\u016f je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd \u00fakol. Mluven\u00e9 jazyky nezanech\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 fyzick\u00e9 stopy a lze je odvodit pouze nep\u0159\u00edmo. Je tedy prakticky nemo\u017en\u00e9 s absolutn\u00ed jistotou ur\u010dit, jak\u00fd byl nejstar\u0161\u00ed mluven\u00fd jazyk na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lingvisticka_rekonstrukce\"><\/span>Lingvistick\u00e1 rekonstrukce<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Lingvistick\u00e1 rekonstrukce n\u00e1m pom\u00e1h\u00e1 nahl\u00e9dnout zp\u011bt do minulosti. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm t\u00e9to metody mohou lingvist\u00e9 vysledovat prvky modern\u00edch jazyk\u016f zp\u011bt k jejich ko\u0159en\u016fm, co\u017e n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje nahl\u00e9dnout do jazyk\u016f, kter\u00e9 existovaly p\u0159ed tis\u00edci lety. M\u016f\u017eeme nap\u0159\u00edklad rekonstruovat prvky indoevropsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za jedny z nejstar\u0161\u00edch na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kandidati_na_nejstarsi_zname_mluvene_jazyky\"><\/span>Kandid\u00e1ti na nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9 mluven\u00e9 jazyky<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Na titul nejstar\u0161\u00edho zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho mluven\u00e9ho jazyka byli navr\u017eeni r\u016fzn\u00ed kandid\u00e1ti, v\u010detn\u011b:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sumer\u0161tina<\/strong>: Jeden z nejstar\u0161\u00edch jazyk\u016f, o kter\u00e9m m\u00e1me p\u00edsemn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy, starov\u011bk\u00fdm sumersk\u00fdm jazykem se mluvilo v Mezopot\u00e1mii (dne\u0161n\u00ed Ir\u00e1k) p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 4 000 lety.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Egypt\u0161tina<\/strong>: Jazykem faraon\u016f, starov\u011bkou egypt\u0161tinou, se mluvilo po tis\u00edce let a poskytla n\u00e1m mno\u017estv\u00ed n\u00e1pis\u016f a text\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tamil\u0161tina<\/strong>: N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed lingvist\u00e9 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee tamil\u0161tina, kterou dnes st\u00e1le mluv\u00ed miliony lid\u00ed v Indii a na Sr\u00ed Lance, by mohla b\u00fdt nejstar\u0161\u00edm jazykem na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V dal\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti se pono\u0159\u00edme do fascinuj\u00edc\u00edho sv\u011bta starov\u011bk\u00fdch psan\u00fdch jazyk\u016f. P\u0159ipoutejte se na cestu kl\u00ednov\u00fdm p\u00edsmem, egyptsk\u00fdmi hieroglyfy a dal\u0161\u00edmi p\u00edsmy, kter\u00e1 utv\u00e1\u0159ela b\u011bh lidsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2316\" src=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/6-6.png\" alt=\"Starov\u011bk\u00e1 hl\u00edna s n\u00e1pisy\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/6-6.png 1200w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/6-6-980x513.png 980w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/6-6-480x251.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1200px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nejstarsi_dukazy_o_psanych_jazycich\"><\/span>Nejstar\u0161\u00ed d\u016fkazy o psan\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Zat\u00edmco mluven\u00fd jazyk se pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b datuje p\u0159ed des\u00edtky tis\u00edc let, n\u00e1stup psan\u00ed je mnohem nov\u011bj\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdvojem ve velk\u00e9m sch\u00e9matu lidsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin.<\/p>\n<p>Prvn\u00ed psan\u00fd jazyk znamenal v\u00fdznamn\u00fd mezn\u00edk a poskytoval hmatateln\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak zaznamen\u00e1vat, komunikovat a p\u0159ed\u00e1vat znalosti nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi a zem\u011bmi.<\/p>\n<p>Tato inovace n\u00e1m zanechala z\u00e1znam o starov\u011bk\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaly v r\u016fzn\u00fdch civilizac\u00edch.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Desifrovani_starovekych_pisem\"><\/span>De\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00fdch p\u00edsem<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Proces de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00fdch p\u00edsem je jako skl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00e9ho puzzle. Rosettsk\u00e1 deska byla nap\u0159\u00edklad kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 pro pochopen\u00ed egyptsk\u00fdch hieroglyf\u016f, proto\u017ee p\u0159edstavovala stejn\u00fd text ve dvou p\u00edsmech: \u0159e\u010dtina, kter\u00e1 se dala \u010d\u00edst, a egyptsk\u00e9 hieroglyfy, kter\u00e9 ne.<\/p>\n<p>Takov\u00e9 pr\u016flomy odhalily tajemstv\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00fdch psan\u00fdch jazyk\u016f a odhalily cenn\u00e9 poznatky o na\u0161\u00ed minulosti.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Zkouska_nejstarsich_znamych_psanych_jazyku\"><\/span>Zkou\u0161ka nejstar\u0161\u00edch zn\u00e1m\u00fdch psan\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Cesta do minulosti za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 n\u011bkter\u00fdmi z nejstar\u0161\u00edch psan\u00fdch jazyk\u016f zn\u00e1m\u00fdch lidstvu, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u00e1 sv\u00e1 jedine\u010dn\u00e1 p\u00edsma a syst\u00e9my.<\/p>\n<h4>Sumersk\u00fd jazyk (kl\u00ednov\u00e9 p\u00edsmo):<\/h4>\n<p>Sumersk\u00fd jazyk, \u010dasto pova\u017eovan\u00fd za prvn\u00ed psan\u00fd jazyk, byl dokumentov\u00e1n pomoc\u00ed kl\u00ednov\u00e9ho p\u00edsma na hlin\u011bn\u00fdch tabulk\u00e1ch. Sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159, kter\u00fd za\u010d\u00ednal jako piktogramy, se postupem \u010dasu vyv\u00edjel a umo\u017enil n\u00e1m nahl\u00e9dnout do sv\u011bta star\u00fdch Sumer\u016f.<\/p>\n<h4>Egyptsk\u00e9 hieroglyfy:<\/h4>\n<p>Jako synonymum pro majest\u00e1tn\u00ed civilizaci starov\u011bk\u00e9ho Egypta byly hieroglyfy pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny pro form\u00e1ln\u00ed psan\u00ed, jako jsou kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e1 na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 texty. Objev a p\u0159eklad t\u011bchto staroegyptsk\u00fdch hieroglyf\u016f vrhl sv\u011btlo na civilizaci, kter\u00e1 prosperovala po tis\u00edcilet\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h4>Starov\u011bk\u00e1 \u010d\u00edn\u0161tina<\/h4>\n<p>P\u00edsmo z v\u011b\u0161teck\u00e9 kosti, nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e1 forma \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho p\u00edsma, n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje nahl\u00e9dnout do v\u011b\u0161teck\u00fdch praktik dynastie Shang a z\u00e1klad\u016f \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho jazyka.<\/p>\n<h4>Dal\u0161\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00e9 jazyky:<\/h4>\n<p>Existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 kandid\u00e1ti na ran\u00e9 psan\u00e9 jazyky, jako je p\u00edsmo Indus (dosud nerozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9), line\u00e1rn\u00ed B (ran\u00e1 forma \u0159e\u010dtiny, kter\u00e1 se vyvinula a\u017e do modern\u00ed \u0159e\u010dtiny) a starov\u011bk\u00fd sanskrt.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pripadove_studie_starovekych_jazyku\"><\/span>P\u0159\u00edpadov\u00e9 studie starov\u011bk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2317\" src=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/7-6.png\" alt=\"Starov\u011bk\u00e1 sumersk\u00e1 skaln\u00ed tabulka.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/7-6.png 1200w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/7-6-980x513.png 980w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/7-6-480x251.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1200px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Staroveke_sumerske_jazyky_Pohled_do_staroveke_Mezopotamie\"><\/span>Starov\u011bk\u00e9 sumersk\u00e9 jazyky: Pohled do starov\u011bk\u00e9 Mezopot\u00e1mie<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Sumer\u0161tina, psan\u00e1 v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm kl\u00ednov\u00fdm kl\u00ednov\u00fdm p\u00edsmem, je jedn\u00edm z nejstar\u0161\u00edch zn\u00e1m\u00fdch psan\u00fdch jazyk\u016f. Poch\u00e1z\u00ed z Mezopot\u00e1mie, dne\u0161n\u00edho ji\u017en\u00edho Ir\u00e1ku, kolem roku 3200 p\u0159. n. l. a poskytuje n\u00e1m fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed pohled do jedn\u00e9 z nejstar\u0161\u00edch civilizac\u00ed lidstva.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Charakteristika<\/strong>: Sumer\u0161tina je jazykov\u00fd izol\u00e1t, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee nepat\u0159\u00ed do \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 rodiny. Jeho struktura je aglutina\u010dn\u00ed, kde se slova nebo morf\u00e9my spojuj\u00ed, aby vyjad\u0159ovaly slo\u017eit\u00e9 my\u0161lenky.<\/li>\n<li><strong>V\u00fdznam<\/strong>: Sumerov\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali sv\u016fj jazyk k dokumentaci z\u00e1kon\u016f, obchodn\u00edch transakc\u00ed a dokonce i literatury, v\u010detn\u011b Eposu o Gilgame\u0161ovi, jednoho z nejstar\u0161\u00edch zn\u00e1m\u00fdch liter\u00e1rn\u00edch d\u011bl.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed<\/strong>: Rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed sumer\u0161tiny za\u010dalo v 19. stolet\u00ed a bylo umo\u017en\u011bno prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm v\u00edcejazy\u010dn\u00fdch n\u00e1pis\u016f, zejm\u00e9na t\u011bch v akkad\u0161tin\u011b, pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm jazyce Mezopot\u00e1mie, kter\u00fd tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edval kl\u00ednov\u00e9 p\u00edsmo.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2318\" src=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/8-4.png\" alt=\"Detail egyptsk\u00fdch hieroglyf\u016f v Luxoru.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/8-4.png 1200w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/8-4-980x513.png 980w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/8-4-480x251.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1200px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<h3 data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Egyptske_hieroglyfy_Oficialni_jazyk_faraonu\"><\/span>Egyptsk\u00e9 hieroglyfy: Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed jazyk faraon\u016f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Sta\u0159\u00ed Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvali hieroglyfy po v\u00edce ne\u017e 3000 let, co\u017e z nich \u010din\u00ed jeden z nejd\u00e9le p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edch p\u00edsemn\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f v historii lidstva.<\/p>\n<ol data-pm-slice=\"3 3 []\">\n<li><strong>Charakteristika<\/strong>: Egyptsk\u00e9 hieroglyfy obsahuj\u00ed kombinaci logografick\u00fdch, slabi\u010dn\u00fdch a abecedn\u00edch prvk\u016f. Pou\u017e\u00edvaly se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro monument\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1pisy a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 texty.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Role ve spole\u010dnosti<\/strong>: Hieroglyfy byly ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed byrokratick\u00e9ho, n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9ho a intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edho \u017eivota starov\u011bk\u00e9ho Egypta. Nach\u00e1zej\u00ed se v\u0161ude, od monument\u00e1ln\u00edch staveb po papyry obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed literaturu a v\u011bdeck\u00e9 texty.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed<\/strong>: Na Rosettsk\u00e9 desce, objeven\u00e9 v roce 1799, byl stejn\u00fd text napsan\u00fd v \u0159e\u010dtin\u011b, stejn\u011b jako d\u00e9mot\u0161tina a hieroglyfy, co\u017e p\u0159ipravilo p\u016fdu pro rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed staroegyptsk\u00fdch hieroglyf\u016f Jeanem-Fran\u00e7oisem Champollionem v roce 1822.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/9-2.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2319\" src=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/9-2.png\" alt=\"Star\u00e1 l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 kniha z dynastie \u010cching.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/9-2.png 1200w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/9-2-980x513.png 980w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/9-2-480x251.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1200px, 100vw\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 data-pm-slice=\"1 3 []\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Staroveka_cinstina_Semena_moderni_cinstiny\"><\/span>Starov\u011bk\u00e1 \u010d\u00edn\u0161tina: Semena modern\u00ed \u010d\u00edn\u0161tiny<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u010c\u00edn\u0161tina je jedn\u00edm z nejd\u00e9le nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch p\u00edsemn\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f na sv\u011bt\u011b, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nejstar\u0161\u00ed formy sahaj\u00ed a\u017e do dynastie \u0160ang (asi 1250-1046 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem).<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>V\u00fdvoj<\/strong>: Ran\u00e9 \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 p\u00edsmo, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako v\u011b\u0161teck\u00e9 kost\u011bn\u00e9 p\u00edsmo, se b\u011bhem tis\u00edcilet\u00ed vyv\u00edjelo do slo\u017eit\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu znak\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch dnes.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pou\u017eit\u00ed<\/strong>: Kost\u011bn\u00e9 p\u00edsmo se pou\u017e\u00edvalo hlavn\u011b pro \u00fa\u010dely v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, s n\u00e1pisy na \u017eelv\u00edch krun\u00fd\u0159\u00edch a zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edch kostech. Tyto n\u00e1pisy poskytuj\u00ed cenn\u00e9 poznatky o kultu\u0159e, n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a spole\u010dnosti dynastie \u0160ang.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed vliv<\/strong>: Starov\u011bk\u00e1 \u010d\u00edn\u0161tina m\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00fd vliv na modern\u00ed \u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd jazyk. Struktura a n\u011bkter\u00e9 znaky z\u016fstaly p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b konzistentn\u00ed, d\u00edky \u010demu\u017e je \u010d\u00edn\u0161tina jedn\u00edm z nejstar\u0161\u00edch jazyk\u016f sv\u011bta, kter\u00fd se st\u00e1le aktivn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/10-1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2320\" src=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/10-1.png\" alt=\"Sanskrt z chr\u00e1mu Lolei.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/10-1.png 1200w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/10-1-980x513.png 980w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/10-1-480x251.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1200px, 100vw\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h2 data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dopad_a_vliv_starovekych_jazyku_na_moderni_spolecnost\"><\/span>Dopad a vliv starov\u011bk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f na modern\u00ed spole\u010dnost<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Staroveke_jazyky_dedictvi_v_moderni_dobe\"><\/span>Starov\u011bk\u00e9 jazyky: d\u011bdictv\u00ed v modern\u00ed dob\u011b<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>M\u016f\u017ee se zd\u00e1t, \u017ee starov\u011bk\u00e9 jazyky pat\u0159\u00ed ke sv\u011btu d\u00e1vno minul\u00e9mu, ale jejich odkaz nad\u00e1le rezonuje v modern\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. Od ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00fdch jazyk\u016f a\u017e po p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed k na\u0161emu ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00fdch civilizac\u00ed, jejich dopad je hlubok\u00fd a v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2382\" src=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1c.png\" alt=\"Star\u00fd skript na d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9m povrchu.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1c.png 1200w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1c-980x513.png 980w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1c-480x251.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1200px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<h3 data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dosah_starovekych_jazyku\"><\/span>Dosah starov\u011bk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Angli\u010dtina a jej\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00e9 ko\u0159eny<\/strong>: Mnoho anglick\u00fdch slov m\u00e1 ko\u0159eny ve starov\u011bk\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch. Nap\u0159\u00edklad slovo \u201ematka\u201c lze vysledovat zp\u011bt k indoevropsk\u00e9mu slovu \u201e*m\u00e9h\u2082t\u0113r\u201c. Je to tak\u00e9 dnes nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jazyk po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vliv sumer\u0161tiny<\/strong>: Sumer\u0161tina sama o sob\u011b nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed potomky, ale ovlivnila akkad\u0161tinu a jej\u00edm prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm i dal\u0161\u00ed semitsk\u00e9 jazyky, nap\u0159. arab\u0161tinu a hebrej\u0161tinu. N\u011bkter\u00e1 sumersk\u00e1 slova byla tak\u00e9 vyp\u016fj\u010dena jin\u00fdmi jazyky v regionu. P\u0159esto je dnes tento jazyk pova\u017eov\u00e1n za mrtv\u00fd jazyk (sou\u010d\u00e1st zanikl\u00fdch jazyk\u016f na rozd\u00edl od jazyka \u017eiv\u00e9ho).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Odkaz egyptsk\u00fdch hieroglyf\u016f<\/strong>: Starov\u011bk\u00fd egyptsk\u00fd jazyk ovlivnil kopt\u0161tinu, kter\u00e1 se dodnes pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako liturgick\u00fd jazyk v koptsk\u00e9 pravoslavn\u00e9 c\u00edrkvi. Rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed hieroglyf\u016f tak\u00e9 p\u0159ipravilo cestu k lep\u0161\u00edmu pochopen\u00ed egyptsk\u00e9 historie a kultury.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Trval\u00fd sanskrt<\/strong>: Sanskrt, jeden z nejstar\u0161\u00edch indoevropsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f, v\u00fdznamn\u011b ovlivnil mnoho modern\u00edch jazyk\u016f na \u00fazem\u00ed ji\u017en\u00ed Asie. Tento jazyk je tak\u00e9 zdrojem mnoha term\u00edn\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v j\u00f3ze, meditaci a dal\u0161\u00edch duchovn\u00edch praktik\u00e1ch, tak\u017ee je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za posv\u00e1tn\u00fd jazyk.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u010c\u00edn\u0161tina v pr\u016fb\u011bhu v\u011bk\u016f<\/strong>: \u010c\u00edn\u0161tina, jeden z nejstar\u0161\u00edch nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch p\u00edsemn\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f, v\u00fdznamn\u011b utv\u00e1\u0159ela v\u00fdchodoasijskou kulturu. Variace znak\u016f mandar\u00ednsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00edn\u0161tiny se tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v japonsk\u00fdch, korejsk\u00fdch a vietnamsk\u00fdch p\u00edsmech.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nejstarsi_jazyk_na_svete_kterym_se_dodnes_mluvi\"><\/span>Nejstar\u0161\u00ed jazyk na sv\u011bt\u011b, kter\u00fdm se dodnes mluv\u00ed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Ze starov\u011bk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f jich n\u011bkolik p\u0159e\u017eilo a nad\u00e1le se jimi v n\u011bjak\u00e9 form\u011b mluv\u00ed. Nap\u0159\u00edklad modern\u00ed hebrej\u0161tina, p\u0159esto\u017ee na mnoho stalet\u00ed vypadla z ka\u017edodenn\u00edho pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, byla v 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b o\u017eivena a nyn\u00ed je ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm jazykem Izraele.<\/p>\n<p>Tamil\u0161tina a \u010d\u00edn\u0161tina si tak\u00e9 \u010din\u00ed n\u00e1rok na to, \u017ee pat\u0159\u00ed mezi nejstar\u0161\u00ed jazyky sv\u011bta, kter\u00fdmi se dodnes mluv\u00ed. Tamil\u0161tina, kterou se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v ji\u017en\u00ed Indii a na Sr\u00ed Lance, m\u00e1 prvn\u00ed p\u00edsemnou zm\u00ednku starou v\u00edce ne\u017e dva tis\u00edce let. \u010c\u00edn\u0161tina se mezit\u00edm m\u016f\u017ee pochlubit kontinuitou p\u00edsemn\u00fdch z\u00e1znam\u016f a trval\u00fdm mluven\u00fdm pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm, kter\u00e9 se datuje do dynastie \u0160ang.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1d-1.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2535\" src=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1d-1.png\" alt=\"\u0158eck\u00fd textov\u00fd n\u00e1pis na sk\u00e1le v Delf\u00e1ch ve Starov\u011bk\u00e9m \u0158ecku.\" width=\"1200\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1d-1.png 1200w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1d-1-980x513.png 980w, https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/1d-1-480x251.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1200px, 100vw\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\">Ve zkratce:<\/h3>\n<p>P\u0159i na\u0161em zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed nejstar\u0161\u00edch zn\u00e1m\u00fdch jazyk\u016f sv\u011bta se pono\u0159\u00edme hluboko do oblasti mluven\u00e9 i psan\u00e9 formy komunikace. Za\u010dneme t\u00edm, \u017ee nast\u00edn\u00edme probl\u00e9my se sledov\u00e1n\u00edm prvn\u00edho mluven\u00e9ho jazyka a probereme uchaze\u010de, jako je sumer\u0161tina, egypt\u0161tina, tamil\u0161tina, \u010d\u00edn\u0161tina a sanskrt. Pozornost se pot\u00e9 p\u0159esune na psan\u00e9 jazyky, kde prozkoum\u00e1me p\u016fvod sumersk\u00e9ho kl\u00ednov\u00e9ho p\u00edsma, egyptsk\u00fdch hieroglyf\u016f a starov\u011bk\u00e9ho \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho p\u00edsma. Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpadov\u00fdch studi\u00ed se pono\u0159\u00edme do charakteristik t\u011bchto starov\u011bk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f, jejich de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed a jejich trval\u00e9ho vlivu na modern\u00ed spole\u010dnosti. Blogov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek kon\u010d\u00ed zd\u016frazn\u011bn\u00edm pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00edho studia a zachov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto jazyk\u016f v na\u0161\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00e9\u0159e, zd\u016frazn\u011bn\u00edm jejich integr\u00e1ln\u00ed role v lidsk\u00e9 historii a fascinuj\u00edc\u00edho v\u00fdvoje lidsk\u00e9 komunikace.<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Jazyk<\/th>\n<th>P\u0159ibli\u017en\u00e9 st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed<\/th>\n<th>Region<\/th>\n<th>Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed status<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>sumersk\u00fd<\/td>\n<td>5000 let<\/td>\n<td>Mezopot\u00e1mie<\/td>\n<td>Vyhynul\u00fd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>egyptsk\u00fd<\/td>\n<td>4700 let<\/td>\n<td>Egypt<\/td>\n<td>Zanikl\u00fd (koptsk\u00fd potomek)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>sanskrt<\/td>\n<td>4000 let<\/td>\n<td>Indie<\/td>\n<td>Omezen\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0159eck\u00fd<\/td>\n<td>3400 let<\/td>\n<td>\u0158ecko<\/td>\n<td>St\u00e1le se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u010d\u00ednsk\u00fd<\/td>\n<td>3400 let<\/td>\n<td>\u010c\u00edna<\/td>\n<td>St\u00e1le se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jazyk je z\u00e1kladem lidsk\u00e9 interakce a civilizace. Umo\u017e\u0148uje n\u00e1m vyj\u00e1d\u0159it sv\u00e9 my\u0161lenky, emoce a sd\u00edlet informace. Napadlo v\u00e1s v\u0161ak n\u011bkdy, kter\u00fd jazyk je nejstar\u0161\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b? Nebo jak\u00fd je dnes nejstar\u0161\u00ed jazyk, kter\u00fdm se mluv\u00ed? To jsou ot\u00e1zky, kter\u00e9 u\u017e l\u00e9ta p\u0159itahuj\u00ed lingvisty, historiky a antropology. V tomto p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvku na blogu se budeme hloub\u011bji zab\u00fdvat: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":2423,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_caption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_nocaption":"","_FSMCFIC_featured_image_hide":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[139],"class_list":["post-2308","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-jazyky","tag-r-faber"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2308","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2308"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2308\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8452,"href":"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2308\/revisions\/8452"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2423"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2308"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2308"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vasco-electronics.cz\/clanky\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2308"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}